Does Mark 16:9-20 Belong?

There are so many attacks against the New Testament offered by unbelievers, including atheists, Mormons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Muslims, etc. that believe the New Testament has been corrupted. They say that men have corrupted the text and have mistranslated the Bible since the Apostles wrote it. One such example that many may bring up is Mark 16:9-20. Some say it does not belong in the Bible. Some say it does. Below are some of my opinions based on what I have read and learned about this issue.

Many people claim that this passage in Mark is not authentic. There seems to be three main reasons why they believe this to be the case:

  1. Mark 16:9-20 is not included in two of the oldest manuscripts that we currently have today, the Sinaiticus and Vati­can­us manuscripts.
  2. The vocabulary and style of the verses are deemed non-Markan, and
  3. The connection between verse 8 and verses 9-20 seems awkward and gives the surface appearance of having been added by someone other than Mark.

Not Included in Two Oldest Manuscripts

    There are a few problems that I have with this position:
  • It is in the Alexandrian manuscript, which is about the same age as the other two. It is only 40 years older. What makes the other two more reliable than this one? It is an arbitrary decision to say that the oldest manuscripts are the more reliable manuscripts. Vaticanus and Sinaiticus should carry no more weight over Alexandrinus.
  • The vast majority of manuscripts do include Mark 16:9-20
  • This passage is referred to by Irenaeus (in Against Heresies), an early church father, in the second century. It is also mentioned by a disciple of Justin Martyr around 170AD, and by Tertullian in the early 3rd century.
  • One of the manuscripts that leaves Mark 16:9-20 out (Vati­can­us) also leaves out the book of Revelation, but no one questions the book of Revelation as being canonical.
  • Nothing within it contradicts other scripture, and most of what it teaches is taught elsewhere in scripture. (one exception is the drinking of deadly poison)

Connection Between Verses 8 & 9 is “Odd”

    I believe this point is easily dismissed as arbitrary and subjective opinion. Some may agree that the connection between verses eight and nine is awkward, some may disagree. Both opinions are equally valid and do not give evidence for its being excluded or included.

    Different Vocabulary

    This point also seems invalid to me. I am sure you could find many books in a bookstore that may contain different words in the last chapter compared to the other chapters that are written by the same person. This really proves nothing.Also, if you provided the same test on verses one through eight with the rest compared to the rest of Mark, you find the same problem. Should we reject verses one through eight also? This is not solid evidence to reject verses that are included in the vast majority of manuscripts.

      The strongest three evidences against Mark being included can easily be dismissed. By far the strongest evidence, (different vocabulary) could be used to dismiss sections of the book which are clearly written by Mark. Based on this fact, along with the vast amount of manuscript evidence, the question I ask is: Is there a bias that many scholars hold that leads them to reject Mark 16:9-20? Do they have a bias because they believe the oldest manuscripts are the best? Do they have a bias against something taught in the passage?

    How Did Life Begin?

    I have had quite a few conversations on social media over the past few weeks with atheists. Pretty much every conversation, without fail, they make the following comment:

    there is no evidence for your god. The burden of proof is on the theist. @JimtheAthiest

    Atheists claim that since we make such an amazing, radical claim that there is a God that created all things, the burden of proof is solely on us to give evidence that this really happened. In these discussions, atheist responses such as this one have been given so they do not have to answer the hard questions about their own world view. They claim to have no beliefs to defend, since all they have is non-belief in a God. But this is just not the case. Ask any atheist what they believe about origins, and they will give you a list of things that do not include God from their atheistic, naturalistic worldview. If you listen real closely to their beliefs, you will find that they make some amazing and radical claims also, some of which are more “miraculous” than any recorded in the Bible. Most of these claims do not have a shred of evidence. They are nothing more than faith-statements [Don’t tell atheists this, they always respond negatively Winking smile ].

    clip_image007_thumb.jpgOne such belief is that at some point, billions of years ago, nonliving matter miraculously became living matter on its own. This has never been observed in a lab. No one has seen non-living matter become alive on its own.  The probability that such a thing can happen is beyond the realm of possibility. All experiments that have been created scientists to recreate the supposed conditions of the early life so they can see life form, including the discredited Urey-Miller experiment, have failed to show life can spontaneously generate. All of the world’s intelligent scientists cannot create experiments to do what they believe happened all on its own billions of years ago by mindless chance.

    One atheist was quick to try to reply, sending me an article saying that scientists have created artificial life in a lab.1 I don’t know how much truth there is to such a claim, but even this response shows that when scientists are trying to create life, an intelligent mind is necessary. Even if scientists have made artificial life, this in no way proves it can happen on its own, which is the claim of atheists.

    Science has shown that life does not come from non-life on its own. It takes life to make life. My biology teacher made this point during class, “new cells MUST arise from pre-existing cells.” This is called Cell Theory. It has been observed. But when I asked the question about the origin of life, she contradicted herself by saying that this is one of the exceptions. She said that there are some good “theories” (in my opinion-unproven assertions and guesses) explaining how it could have happened, then she later that day emailed an article to our class that said this:

    “Living things (even ancient organisms like bacteria) are enormously complex. However, all this complexity did not leap fully-formed from the primordial soup. Instead life almost certainly originated in a series of small steps, each building upon the complexity that evolved previously…(emphasis mine)2

    This is nothing but an unfounded assertion that has no evidence to support it. The rest of the article doesn’t do much more than just make assertions (without evidence) about how life evolved into existence from primordial soup, of which there is no evidence that it ever existed. It is interesting that the above quote makes it sound like life evolved from image_thumb.pngnon-life. This has not been the common position of most evolutionists I have talked to. They try as hard as they can to separate the origin of life from evolution, saying they have nothing to do with one another. This is not the case. They use language that shows they believe in what used to be titled “chemical evolution.” They just use different names for it so they don’t taint their beloved theory.

    As much as they do not want to admit it, if this really did happen; if life came out of non-life on its own, atheists and evolutionists believe in miracles also!

    Life spontaneously generating from nonlife may have been thought possible to a nineteenth century scientist who didn’t have the ability to examine a cell like we do today. But today this naturalistic statement of faith flies in the face of known science. Just take for example what we have learned since the discovery of DNA. There is no such thing as a simple life form, including the one celled amoeba. Atheist Apologist Richard Dawkins, in his book The Blind Watchmaker said that the message found in just the nucleus of an amoeba is more than all 30 volumes of the Encyclopedia Britannica combined!3 A single amoeba is way too complex to spontaneously generate from a pool of chemicals, and there is no way to account for the information in the DNA of this amoeba. Where did all this information come from? How could it spontaneously generate from chemicals? You wouldn’t believe me if I told you that one encyclopedia came into existence from piles of paper on their own, so why do you believe that a single celled organism, which holds more information than 30 volumes of an encyclopedia, such as an amoeba can? It takes more faith to believe this than to believe God did it! The statement that this can happen on its own by chance is a statement of blind faith and is not scientific. It contradicts good science.

    So with these things said. I will like to restate my atheist friend’s statement above:

    There is no evidence for this belief. The burden of proof is on the atheist.

    Everyone has a burden of proof for their positive beliefs. Once again, claiming that atheism is just a non-belief is not true. Every atheist believes things. When you reject the God of the Bible, you must form a worldview that explains how life got here from a naturalistic perspective. No observable, testable evidence has been given by atheist scientists, just guesses and faith-statements based on their biases. Scientists make faith statements based on their presuppositions about origins, JUST AS creationists do.

    A Biblical worldview states that an all-power, all-knowing God created all things in 6 days. If this God exists, this is possible. If atheists were honest, they would agree. If there was an all-powerful, all-knowing God, He would be able to create the entire world from nothing.No Evidence

    The majority of the time I tell an atheist that there is a burden of proof that is on them because there is no evidence for their belief that non-living matter became alive on its own, or if I ask them to provide an instance when it has been shown in a laboratory, I get one of two answers:

    • No response, or
    • An ad hominem attack
      Life came from nonliving matter on its own? Amazing claims demand amazing evidence/proof. None has been given.

    For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness, 19 because that which is known about God is evident within them; for God made it evident to them. 20 For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood through what has been made, so that they are without excuse. 21 For even though they knew God, they did not honor Him as God or give thanks, but they became futile in their speculations, and their foolish heart was darkened. 22 Professing to be wise, they became fools -Romans 1:18-22 (NASB95)

     

     


    1. from http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/05/scientists-create-first-self-replicating-synthetic-life/

    2.  from http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/IIE2bDetailsoforigin.shtml

    3. Dawkins, Richard. The Blind Watchmaker. New York: Norton, 1987.

    The Problem of Evil… for the Unbeliever

    To listen to a sermon that I preached dealing with this subject, click here

    There is a subject that comes up many times whenever we talk to the lost about the God of the Bible and His nature. It has led many people to reject God and has challenged Christians in their faith. The topic: the problem of evil. The problem of evil has represented the most serious objection to the Christian faith. Some very brilliant philosophers have thought that this problem conclusively refutes belief in the Christian God.[1] Just consider this for a moment: think of some terrible tragedy that seems to have no positive value whatsoever: the genocides of Hitler and Stalin; a child suffering terrible pain as he or she slowly dies of cancer; an African baby dying of starvation; a little child being molested, etc. We can keep coming up with terrible things that men and women do that are evil. This has caused so many unbelievers to ask, “How could a good God allow this?”

    This is a common argument, and it is an old argument. The earliest record I know of the problem of evil being described is from a philosopher in about 300BC named Epicurus. That sound may sound familiar to you. When Paul was in Athens he had some dialogue with men who were Epicurean philosophers. Epicurus said this:

    Either God wants to abolish evil, and cannot; or he can, but does not want to. If he wants to, but cannot, he is impotent. If he can, but does not want to, he is wicked. If God can abolish evil, and God really wants to do it, why is there evil in the world? [2]

    What Epicurus, philosophers, and unbelievers are trying to say when they give this argument is that we as Christians cannot logically accept these three premises: God is all-powerful, God is all-good, and nevertheless evil exists in the world. If God is all powerful, he should want to get rid of evil. He must be able to prevent it and rid the world of it.[3]

    We need to be ready to answer this argument against God. If we are sharing the gospel with people as we should, this topic will come up. So how do we deal with it? I would like to begin by making three assertions:

    1. God is Good

    2. God is Powerful

    3. Evil Exists

    These three statements are true. God reveals Himself as being good and holy. He reveals Himself as being powerful. And scripture makes it clear (as we see on a daily basis), there is evil in the world. The unbeliever says that the third assertion is mutually exclusive from the first two; they all cannot be the case at the same time. But I disagree. The presence of evil does not in some way make God impotent or evil, and the presence of evil in no way contradicts God’s nature. God is Holy. He does no moral evil. God is light, and in Him there is not even a hint of darkness (1 John 1:5).

    What we see in this argument and many others is that unbelievers make is that they build a straw man argument, misrepresenting the Christian worldview. They say that God is evil when, if they wanted to represent God correctly, they would do as we do: We begin with a presupposition about what the Bible teaches; that God is holy and good, and then we try to fit the presence of evil into the picture in such a way that His holiness is not violated. But, of course, most unbelievers really have no desire to do this. They are just grasping for reasons to take God off the throne so they can sit on it themselves.

    The problem of evil, and unbelievers accusing God of evil, I believe, can be answered in many ways. I would like to look at three briefly in this article. And let me preface these three points by saying this: I am dealing with the objections of unbelievers here. The purpose of this article is not to deal with the question of why God allows Christians to suffer.

    If I were confronted with this argument against God, I would respond with one of three questions, if not all three during the dialogue:

    1. Who are you to argue against God?

    2. By what standard do you make such a judgment?

    3. If God were to rid the world of evil, what would happen to you?

     

    Who Are You?

    At times, I am not compelled to respond to an objection directly depending on who it is offering it and their motives for doing so. Most people who offer this argument about God and evil usually don’t want one anyway. Because of this, I attack what the issues really are, first being their autonomy, pride, and arrogance for trying to use God as an excuse for their rebellion.

    Some unbelievers can be pretty arrogant in their statements about God. I have listened to many debates in which atheists have with their words “shaken their fist” at God, going as far as calling God an immoral, sinful being because He allows evil in this world. They see God give commands within the Old Testament (without any understanding of the context or circumstances) to slaughter whole cities and nations, young and old alike, and they criticize God as being wicked. It never ceases to amaze me that many atheists that claim God is nothing more than a fairy tale or wishful thinking, that when they talk about Him, you can tell that they believe He exists. They hate God. I never hear anyone speak with this kind of anger and hatred towards Santa Clause, or the Easter Bunny, who ARE made up characters. But with God, for some reason, they respond to the very mention of God with disgust. Whenever they attack God, I believe it is fitting as His people, who have His word, to respond to the unbeliever with it. Whether they believe it is the word of God or not is irrelevant. God’s word is sharp and powerful. And we need to use it and speak it with authority.

    One of our first responses to such attacks should be “Who do you think you are, speaking against the creator of the universe like this?”

    “who are you, O man, who answers back to God? The thing molded will not say to the molder, “Why did you make me like this,” will it? 21 Or does not the potter have a right over the clay, to make from the same lump one vessel for honorable use and another for common use? 22 What if God, although willing to demonstrate His wrath and to make His power known, endured with much patience vessels of wrath prepared for destruction?” Romans 9:20-22 (NASB95)[4]

    This is also how God responds to the questioning of His will:

    Who is this that darkens counsel By words without knowledge? 3 “Now gird up your loins like man, And I will ask you, and you instruct Me! 4 “Where were you when I laid the foundation of the earth? Tell Me, if you have understanding, 5 Who set its measurements? Since you know. Or who stretched the line on it? 6 “On what were its bases sunk? Or who laid its cornerstone” (Job 38:2-6).

    God goes through a list of reasons, four chapters worth, telling Job why he had no reason, as a man, to question or challenge God.

    Then the LORD said to Job, 2 “Will the faultfinder contend with the Almighty? Let him who reproves God answer it.” 3 Then Job answered the LORD and said, 4 “Behold, I am insignificant; what can I reply to You? I lay my hand on my mouth. 5 “Once I have spoken, and I will not answer; Even twice, and I will add nothing more.” (Job 40:1-5)

    The word of God has a way of shutting mouths, no matter how evil or rebellious they may be. This is what happened with Job, and it can have a way of doing it even to those who reject the Lord.

     

    What is Your Standard of Morality and Truth?

    This response is a more philosophical response to the question, but it is a great apologetical approach. It is based on the verse in Proverbs 26:4-5: “Do not answer a fool according to his folly, Or you will also be like him. 5 Answer a fool as his folly deserves, That he not be wise in his own eyes.” Instead of answering the objection head on (sharing in the foolishness of the unbeliever by allowing him to put God on trial), this response gets to the heart of the issue, showing the unbeliever that they do not even have objective basis to ask these questions of God.

    As stated earlier, the unbeliever looks at the presence of evil in a world created by an all-knowing, all-powerful, good God is a logical inconsistency and contradiction. But these attacks are begging the question, “by what moral standard do you make any judgments, let alone moral judgments against God?” In the end, the problem of evil is not a logical issue for the believer, but the unbeliever, because they have no logical or rational basis to make such an argument against God.[5]

    When atheists proclaim the evil of rape, murder, and abusing children, theists can agree. But only from a theistic worldview can someone observe all that takes place in the world and consider it genuinely evil in any meaningful, objective sense. Any statement declaring some action or activity as “evil” assumes some objective standard by which good and evil can be judged.[6] You must have an absolute standard of morality to base it on. The only way to have absolute, objective standard of morality or an absolute standard of truth is to have an absolute moral law giver. The unbeliever on their own has no logical basis to stand on. He/she in essence needs to borrow from God’s standard to criticize God.

    Atheism “reduces morals to either personal preferences similar to enjoying one flavor of ice cream over another, or to the increasing preferences of a given people group. In either case, a blatant fact remains: morals are entirely” arbitrary and subjective.[7]

    The atheist should say what Hitler did was perfectly moral. It was accepted by individuals and by German society as a whole. If morality is chosen by the consensus of society, there is no reason the unbeliever today can condemn Hitler for what he did. Also, if all we are is evolved animals, then just as it is “moral” for a lion to kill and eat another animal, so too would it be moral for one of us to go around killing and eating people. It is all about survival of the fittest. Might makes right. This is the absurdity atheism is lowered to if it is taken to it’s farthest extreme! But of course, the atheist rejects such arguments because they are not willing to be open to the logical outcomes of their worldview.

    What it comes down to is this: if you reject God, you cannot account for objective morality. All you have is subjective, arbitrary opinions that really don’t matter at all.

    Philosopher Chad Meister makes this point, “One cannot consistently affirm both that there are no objective moral values, on the one hand, and that rape, torture and the like are objectively morally evil on the other.”[8] To do so is illogical and contradictory.

    The unbeliever has no basis for even leveling an argument against God, what He does, or what He allows to happen. But if they decide to do so, they need to understand that they cannot account for the ability to make such arguments in their worldview. Their arguments presuppose the existence of God and borrow from the Christian worldview. They need called out on this. Let’s not answer the fool according to his folly. Let’s show him that as an unbelieving atheist, he cannot prove that anything is objectively good or evil. It contradicts his worldview.

     

    If God were to rid the world of evil, what would happen to you?

    Sometimes everything is a matter of perspective. Some ask the question, why are these terrible things happening to my friends, family, and neighbors? I believe it is wise to ask a different question. I do not ask, “Why is this happening?” I ask, “Why is God being so gracious to the rest of us?” It is all a matter of perspective! Every single one of us have in some way rebelled against the Creator of the Universe. He would be perfectly just in getting rid of all of us. It may be easy to look at everything going on in this world thinking that we are exempt from that which is “evil.” This is what most people believe about themselves. One thing they do not realize is this: if God decided to rid the world of all evil tomorrow, they would be part of that number. God says,

    THERE IS NONE RIGHTEOUS, NOT EVEN ONE; 11 THERE IS NONE WHO UNDERSTANDS, THERE IS NONE WHO SEEKS FOR GOD; 12 ALL HAVE TURNED ASIDE, TOGETHER THEY HAVE BECOME USELESS; THERE IS NONE WHO DOES GOOD, THERE IS NOT EVEN ONE (Romans 3:10-12).

    So if the unbeliever is bringing up the argument that if God were good, He would get rid of all of the evil in this world,” respond in this way: “if God were to destroy all of the evil in this world in five minutes, where will you be in five minutes and one second? Will you still be here?” The answer is for the unbeliever is no, they will not, because they have sinned against God. They have done evil in His sight. They have lied. They have blasphemed His name. They have coveted and committed idolatry. Without Christ, They are all evil and deserving of judgment.

    ____________________________

    These are the ways that I would answer the unbeliever when they ask why God allows evil or if they try to say that God is evil and immoral. You may be saying to yourself at this moment: “These are all good arguments, but you have not answered the main objections: Why does God allow evil? How do we resolve the supposed contradiction that God is all powerful and good, but allows evil?” You are right. I have not answered the arguments head on. And the reasons why is this: they will receive a logical, biblical answer when they themselves ask questions that are logical based and if they genuinely want answers. Most of the time you can see that this is not the case. They don’t want to have a logical, rational conversation. They just want to justify their sin at God’s expense. Answering their questions would be nothing more than throwing pearls before swine. Once they see the absurdity of their worldview and the futility of their rebellion against God, then I may sit down with them in a Bible study and give them some answers as to why God allows evil in the world.

    But just to answer the question briefly for the you without going beyond what scripture teaches, here you go: I am sure that God, who is good and Holy, has a morally sufficient reason for the evil which exists in the world. When this assertion is made with the prior three that we looked at earlier, there is no longer a logical contradiction in our worldview. A perfectly good and holy God can even use evil to accomplish good. The best example we have of evil being done that was used for the greatest good possible is the cross.

    For truly in this city there were gathered together against Your holy servant Jesus, whom You anointed, both Herod and Pontius Pilate, along with the Gentiles and the peoples of Israel, 28 to do whatever Your hand and Your purpose predestined to occur. (Acts 4:27-28)

    God used a lot of evil to bring about salvation for the saints. An innocent man was arrested, and was unfairly and unjustly tried up to five times. He was beaten, mocked, spit upon, and murdered. If this is not evil, I don’t know what is! But God planned it for good. Because of the death of Christ, we can have hope. This hope is gives us joy in this life. No matter what kind of evil may happen to us in this life, we know that God is working for good. All things work out for good for those who love God and are called according to His purpose (Rom 8:28). The Christian has this promise from God, but the unbeliever does not.

     


    [1] Frame, John. “The Bible on the Problem of Evil.” reformedperspectives.org. Web. 02 Nov 2012. <http://reformed perspectives.org/newfiles/joh_frame/PT.Frame.Bible-ProbEvil.pdf>

    [2] “Problem of Evil” Web. 02 Nov 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_evil#Epicurus>

    [3] Bahnsen, Greg. Always Ready:Directions For Defending The Faith. Kindle Edition.

    [4] All Bible Quotations are from the NASB unless otherwise noted

    [5] Bahnsen, Greg. Always Ready: Directions For Defending The Faith. Kindle Edition.

    [6] Hartman, Dayton K. A Presuppositional Response to the Problem of Evil. Web. < http://www.academia.edu/ 584010/ A_Presuppositional_Response_to_the_Problem_of_Evil>

    [7] Hartman, Dayton K., ibid.

    [8] William Lane Craig & Chad Meister, ed. God is Good God is Great. (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press,2009), 109.

    “Can God Make A Rock So Big That He Cannot Move It?”

    This has been a question that atheists have used for years to try to disprove God. I like how this video show the absurdity of such a question. It is like asking if I can beat myself in an arm wrestling match.

    Searching for Answers in a Broken World

    APTOPIX Colorado Shoo_LyncThe events of the movie theater shooting have left many people asking questions and looking for answers. There is so much in this world that is wrong; so much evil. Some people will ultimately go to God for comfort after the shooting, but others will blame God or reject Him because He would allow such a thing to happen. Here is an article that I read that is very helpful in answering the questions as to why these kind of things happen in the world:

    Searching for Answers in a Broken World « Do You Mind?.
    I have also written a few articles and have posted videos from other ministries on this subject.

    Did God Create Evil?

    Why is there SOOO Much Evil?

    Photo from http://www.foxnews.com/us/slideshow/2012/07/20/gunman-kills-at-least-14-after-opening-fire-at-colorado-batman-opening/#slide=3

    Just a Little Sinner?

    I have had this come up a lot while sharing the gospel with people. I will go through the law, but a few commandments in they say,”Well, I’m not Hitler. I do not do the kind of things he did. I don’t murder millions of people. I am not as bad a sinner.” How would you answer this objection? This video from STR.org shares a good way to deal with this.

    Why Is There SOOO Much Evil?

    How many times have people decided to not follow God because of all of the evil, sickness, and death in this world? They do not believe that a God that is good should allow these things to happen in the lives of “good” people. How would you answer this common objection?

    One thing people do not realize is this: If God decided to rid all of the world of evil tomorrow, they would be part of that number. God says,

    “THERE IS NONE RIGHTEOUS, NOT EVEN ONE; 11 THERE IS NONE WHO UNDERSTANDS,
    THERE IS NONE WHO SEEKS FOR GOD; 12 ALL HAVE TURNED ASIDE, TOGETHER THEY HAVE BECOME USELESS;
    THERE IS NONE WHO DOES GOOD,
    THERE IS NOT EVEN ONE” (Romans 3:10-12).

    If God were to destroy all of the evil on this planet, there would not be that many people in this world. We all have done evil in the sight of God. God is the only One that is Good.

    Listen as Mark Spence from Living Waters deals with this issue:

    [youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQ0whlNNWsM&w=560&h=315]

    ***I do not agree with all the views of Living Waters

    Christianity, A Violent Religion?

    Have you ever gone out to share the gospel and had someone say that they reject Christianity because it has caused so many wars? They may blame Christians for the Crusades or for the Holocaust. How would you answer them. Watch the following video from Living Waters to see a way.